ABSTRACT
Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis is a multisystemic autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by progressive distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy or restrictive cardiomyopathy, secondary to amyloid deposits. Its pathogenesis lies in the TTR gene mutation, and the Val50Met mutation is the most frequent. Patients have significant differences in the onset and severity of clinical presentation according to their country of origin. The diagnosis of this pathology is complex, even more in countries where it is not considered endemic. However, early suspicion and management are essential to improve survival and avoid unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. We report a 69-year-old woman who presented a sensory-motor polyneuropathy, predominantly sensory, associated with distal neuropathic pain and bilateral vitritis. The history of her Italian father with polyneuropathy of unspecified etiology stood out. A vitreous biopsy identified amyloid substance deposits (congo red positive). These were also confirmed on a superficial peroneal nerve biopsy. During the etiological study of her polyneuropathy, an increased Kappa/Lambda index of 2.55 mg/L stood out. Therefore, light chain amyloidosis was suspected, and chemotherapy treatment was indicated without favorable response. After 10 years of progressive neurological and ophthalmological involvement, a genetic study confirmed the first case of late-onset hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis Val50Met with polyneuropathy in Chile.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Polyneuropathies/etiology , Polyneuropathies/genetics , Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/complications , Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/diagnosis , Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/genetics , Prealbumin/genetics , MutationABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background Left atrial (LA) enlargement is a reliable predictor of adverse cardiovascular events, and reduced atrial function is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with amyloidosis. The objective of this study was to characterize the LA function in Mexican patients with a confirmed diagnosis of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (amyloid transthyretin [ATTR]) Methods All consecutive patients with diagnosis of hereditary ATTR who underwent a cardiac magnetic resonance study in the period from March 2016 to June 2017 were included in the study; the volumes and function of the left atrium were evaluated Results Patients were divided into two groups, one with and one without cardiac amyloidosis. Statistically significant differences were observed between both groups in terms of indexed maximal LA volume, 26 mL versus 35.9mL, p = 0.03; indexed minimal LA volume, 10.7 mL versus 13.6mL, p = 0.03; and indexed LA pre-contraction volume, 17 mL versus 22.4mL, p = 0.03. No statistically significant differences were observed between both groups when comparing neither different ejection volumes nor the different ejection fractions Conclusions Patients with hereditary ATTR with cardiac involvement have remodeling of the left atrium, with increased atrial volumes, without diminishing its function.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/complications , Atrial Remodeling/physiology , Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Background:Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is a rare disease diagnosed in Brazil and worldwide. The frequency of cardiovascular involvement in Brazilian FAP patients is unknown.Objective:Detect the frequency of cardiovascular involvement and correlate the cardiovascular findings with the modified polyneuropathy disability (PND) score.Methods:In a national reference center, 51 patients were evaluated with clinical examination, electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography (ECHO), and 24-hour Holter. Patients were classified according to the modified PND score and divided into groups: PND 0, PND I, PND II, and PND > II (which included PND IIIa, IIIb, and IV). We chose the classification tree as the statistical method to analyze the association between findings in cardiac tests with the neurological classification (PND).Results:ECG abnormalities were present in almost 2/3 of the FAP patients, whereas ECHO abnormalities occurred in around 1/3 of them. All patients with abnormal ECHO also had abnormal ECG, but the opposite did not apply. The classification tree identified ECG and ECHO as relevant variables (p < 0.001 and p = 0.08, respectively). The probability of a patient to be allocated to the PND 0 group when having a normal ECG was over 80%. When both ECG and ECHO were abnormal, this probability was null.Conclusions:Brazilian patients with FAP have frequent ECG abnormalities. ECG is an appropriate test to discriminate asymptomatic carriers of the mutation from those who develop the disease, whereas ECHO contributes to this discrimination.
Fundamento:A polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar (PAF) é uma doença rara diagnosticada no Brasil e no mundo. A frequência de envolvimento cardiovascular em pacientes brasileiros com PAF é desconhecida.Objetivos:Detectar a frequência de envolvimento cardiovascular e correlacionar os achados cardiovasculares com o escore PND (Polyneuropathy Disability Score) modificado.Métodos:Em um centro de referência nacional, 51 pacientes foram avaliados com exame clínico, eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma (ECO) e Holter de 24 horas. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o escore PND modificado e divididos em grupos: PND 0, PND I, PND II e PND > II (que incluiu o PND IIIa, IIIb e IV). Nós escolhemos a árvore de classificação como o método estatístico para analisar a associação entre achados nos exames cardiovasculares e a classificação neurológica (PND).Resultados:Anormalidades no ECG estiveram presentes em quase 2/3 dos pacientes com PAF, enquanto que anormalidades no ECO ocorreram em cerca de 1/3 deles. Todos os pacientes com ECO anormal também apresentaram ECG anormal, mas o oposto não ocorreu. A árvore de classificação identificou o ECG e o ECO como variáveis relevantes (p < 0,001 e p = 0,08, respectivamente). A probabilidade de um paciente estar no grupo PND 0 quando apresentava um ECG normal foi superior a 80%. Quando ambos o ECG e o ECO eram anormais, essa probabilidade era nula.Conclusões:Pacientes brasileiros com PAF apresentam anormalidades frequentes ao ECG. O ECG é um bom exame para discriminar portadores assintomáticos da mutação daqueles que desenvolveram a doença, enquanto que o ECO contribui para esta discriminação.